The James Hardie case is still under appeal and may yet have wider ramifications. Domini Stuart examines some of the questions it poses for directors in the meantime.
Hardie lessons
The Hardie questions
- Which press releases should directors approve?
- How much detail do directors have to get involved with?
- How do they evaluate the information provided by management?
- How do they balance continuous disclosure and decision-making requirements?
- Will NEDsâ workload grow?
In April this year, Justice Ian Gzell of the New South Wales Supreme Court found that the former non-executive directors (NEDs) and executives of James Hardie Industries had breached the Corporations Act when making statements about the adequacy of asbestos compensation funding. In August, each of the seven NEDs was fined $30,000 and disqualified from acting as a company director for five years.
In September, six of the NEDs filed appeals in the NSW Court of Appeal while the Australian Securities and Investments Commission (ASIC) filed a notice of cross-appeal.
This is one of very few cases where ASIC has sued both executives and NEDs and as such, it has been the subject of much boardroom discussion. While it was the executives who were found guilty of the majority of the alleged contraventions, many NEDs are concerned about the possible impact of the case. Ironically, the fact that the judge found the directors guilty of lack of due diligence rather than bad faith may be compounding the unease.
âGenerally, when you read the facts about a case concerning directorsâ duties, you think: âYes, I can see a breach thereâ,â says Priscilla Bryans, a partner at Freehills. âHere, weâre talking about experienced, high-profile and well-regarded directors who were conducting business in a way that other directors can relate to more easily than where bad faith behaviour and a breach of duty is very clear.â
Directors may be feeling more nervous than they need to be, largely because the case turned on a very specific and unusual set of facts. The directors claimed that they had not seen a press release containing misleading and deceptive comments about James Hardieâs ability to meet its asbestos compensation liabilities. The judge found that they had seen it and that they had therefore acted in a way that was misleading. While this makes extrapolation difficult, issues were raised that are worthy of clarification.
Will directors need to approve all media and ASX announcements?
Justice Gzell said the media release in question contained information about âpotentially explosive stepsâ and that market reaction to the announcement was âcriticalâ. His finding that the release was within the purview of the boardâs responsibility â because it concerned a âtransforming eventâ for the company â does not suggest that anything other than the most important communications should be brought to directorsâ attention.
The question is not whether the board should approve more announcements, but whether they approved
this one.
While the minutes clearly stated that the media release had been tabled, the directors claimed that they had not seen it. A number went so far as to say that they would never have approved something so unequivocal. If this were the case, management would have been guilty of failing to flag such a significant communication. However, the judge found not only that the release had been put before the meeting but that, as none of the directors voiced dissent, the consent of all could be presumed.
âPresumed consentâ included two directors who phoned into the meeting from overseas, who neither asked for a copy of the release to be sent to them nor to have it read out to them.
Alan Cameron AM FAICD, a practising director and chairman of ASX Market Supervision, observes: âThe judge spelt out that these two directors should have voted against the part of the resolution that included the approval of the draft press release or should have abstained from voting on it. If they had done either, he would have excused them.
âIt is clear that NEDs must request copies of all relevant papers prior to approving any decisions based on those papers â that is, papers which refer to them or assume they have been read. Failing to do so will not excuse them from their responsibilities unless their abstention or dissent is recorded.â
âWhen directors get those convenient packs of materials which include all the things that the board needs to go through in a meeting, I would suggest that they go through them one by one and check that every document that is referred to is actually there,â says Cameron, who recently discussed the case at AICD Directing Tomorrow Today briefings across Australia.
âThe case also suggests that all directors should carefully review minutes of meetings to ensure their accuracy even though they have been drafted by the company secretary and approved by the chairman.â
Personally, Cameron believes the lesson is to keep all significant board papers. âItâs interesting that none of the directors actually had the draft press release in their board papers. If I were a director of James Hardie, it would have helped to be able to show that I didnât receive the press release, if I had all the other documents, and it was not among them. If it is a company transforming event, keeping the board papers would be a really good idea,â he says.
But does this mean that boards should now start recording every vote in the minutes? âMost decisions are made by unanimous consent through discussion,â says Bryans. âBoards should be able to present a final resolution without recording who voted for or against it.â
Are continuous disclosure and director liability mutually exclusive?
Announcements needing board approval may be limited to âtransformingâ ones but as these are the ones most likely to have an affect on share prices, this raises questions around continuous disclosure.
âThe biggest conflict or tension is a pragmatic one,â says Tim Bednall, a partner at Mallesons Stephen Jaques. âHow do you balance the immediacy requirement of continuous disclosure with the individual board rigour that the decision asks for? We have been advising our clients to do the best they can in terms of board engagement, without compromising the need for prompt disclosure, but then have systems in place to ensure board members have full opportunity for urgent post-review if they did not have sufficient time for pre-review.
âAustralian continuous disclosure rules are the most unforgiving globally. Immediate disclosure gives no practical leeway, but thatâs the law. Where a practical issue arises, a trading halt can and should be used, but halts cannot be used too frequently.â
Jan Redfern PSM MAICD, a consultant at Sparke Helmore and former ASIC executive director of enforcement, agrees that it can be hard to get disclosure right when a company is under pressure, the issues are complex and the market is volatile.
âIn some cases, immediate disclosure will not be practical or indeed, required by the law or the listing rules â particularly with volatile markets and imprecise information which is incomplete or confidential,â she says. âWhen you look at the history of cases brought by ASIC, it is clear ASIC has been circumspect and considered in its choices. However, boards must do their best and there needs to be a good understanding at both management and director level about what continuous disclosure means. The key is to have good processes and procedures in place to deal with those issues and if necessary, board debate on how market disclosure should be made and how to deal with the grey areas. Market disclosure should not be dealt with at the last minute as an âadd onâ.â
Must directors stop delegating to management?
Cameron says: âThis issue has caused much concern among directors â at what point do they decide that a decision is so important that it canât be delegated? My instinct would be that the approval of a draft press release is absolutely something that could, in the normal course of business, be delegated to management. I am pleased there is an appeal because we do need some guidance from a higher court about whether decisions like this can be delegated. I do think, however, that seeing and approving the press release for major events is good practice.â
Redfern adds: âI can understand that, with increasing regulation and personal liability at stake, directors feel they need to get immersed in detail. This is not the best way and I donât think the courts or ASIC expect this.
âNEDs will always need to devote enough time to reviewing board papers and making sure they test and understand the issues raised by management. They need to test the information, understand it and independently assess it, and this can certainly be a challenge for complex businesses or when there are difficult decisions to make and times are hard, as they are now. But this was not a case where the judge said the directors should have challenged information provided by management and undertaken their own investigations. In fact, he found that the executives had breached duties in failing to provide certain relevant information to the board.â
Directors should be able to work on the assumption that management presents them with all of the information they need to make a decision, including limitations around the information.
âJudge Gzell took it that at the time of the meeting in question, the directors were able to recall everything theyâd been told in previous meetings,â says Bryans. âOne practical flow on from that would be for directors to ask management for a summary of information they have previously provided.â
Will directorsâ workload increase?
While the James Hardie case may not generate any changes in the law, it does put more focus on board practices, including the dynamics between executives and NEDs in the boardroom.
âWe do think directors will have a higher workload as a result of the decision,â says David Friedlander, a fellow partner at Mallesons Stephen Jaques.
âBoard attention to public disclosures, in announcements and other published company documents, will take a step up. However, we are advising our client boards to put systems in place that minimise the additional burden on board members. The decision puts a stronger spotlight on the need for boards to put in place good internal systems which enable the board to focus on key issues within public disclosures, and ensure that delegated powers are exercised appropriately.â
In some cases, the findings could provide a much needed wake up call. It certainly exposed an astonishing disregard for responsibility.
âOne director said he took virtually no interest in matters relating to communications issues or strategy,â says Professor Ian Ramsay, director of the Centre for Corporate Law and Securities Regulation of at the University of Melbourne. âHe said that his normal practice was not to spend a great deal of time reading board papers dealing with communications strategy and he might âtune out or have a breakâ during discussions on the subject.
âIn this case, the matters identified in the media release would transform the company in a fundamental way. Setting up the Medical Research and Compensation Foundation was designed to take away the asbestos liability that had been hanging over the company for years. It was a critical and controversial time when the company was under a high level of scrutiny and subject to quite a lot of criticism â a time when, presumably, the communications strategy had never been more important to the company. Even if he wasnât an expert in this area, that doesnât excuse him from not paying attention. Itâs just not good enough to say that some things are not your responsibility.â
That doesnât mean a court would expect directors to have a thorough knowledge of all aspects of the business. In this case, the judge made the point that no high level expertise was required on the part of the directors to form a view on the accuracy of the media release â they just needed to use their knowledge of the company and the transaction to approve the media release designed to explain their strategy to the public.
While this particular director seemed to have no problem in using such behaviour as a defence on the witness stand, others may well have been shocked to find the most intimate workings of the board exposed to public view.
âIâm sure the directors never imagined that their behaviour would be subject to such intense scrutiny,â continues Ramsay.
âIf ASIC, shareholders or a liquidator wants to sue for breach of directorsâ duties, everything â Powerpoint presentations, minutes, board packs â is open to review. Directors might do well to bear that in mind. While breaches of duty do carry pecuniary penalties, depending on the individual defendant, arguably the biggest sanction is loss of reputation. Itâs hard to put a dollar amount on that.â
A different level of concern
ASIC chairman Tony DâAloisio has encouraged boards to consider the implications of the James Hardie decision carefully and assess what improvements they can make to their decision-making processes, the way they convey decisions to the market and the way they conduct investor briefings and so-called road shows.
âThe decision is another important step in improving corporate governance in Australia and that improvement will add confidence to the integrity of our markets,â he said.
âI think the case needs to be put in perspective,â says Redfern. âPerhaps, with time and proper debate around the issues, NEDs may become less concerned and more certain of what it stands for.â
Peter Shaw MAICD, a partner at Maddocks, believes that for many directors, the perceived threat already lies beyond the detail.
âTheyâre seeing the case as part of a growing trend towards class actions on behalf of shareholders,â he says.
âWeâve already had the Artistocrat case, which was a class action in respect of an alleged breach of the continuous disclosure rules by the company. Thereâs no doubt that an increasingly sophisticated group of litigation funders and specialist law firms are seeing that there could be much to be gained from going after a company, then the directors of the company, then the directorsâ insurance policies. âDirectors can see the potential risk to both their personal assets and their reputation and are becoming more reticent about accepting board appointments as a result.â
Shaw believes that a broader application of the business judgment rule could provide the security of a safe harbour.
âAt the moment itâs a defence to a breach of only certain directorâs duties,â he says. âDirectors would have a more complete sense of comfort if those who took on the role in good faith and applied themselves to the best of their ability were, by definition, safe.â
How can directors best protect themselves?
Sparke Helmoreâs Jan Redfern PSM MAICD suggests six points for good practice. Directors should:
- Give themselves enough time to review board papers, to understand the issues raised and, if necessary, be prepared to ask questions to ensure the issues are covered and clear.
- Not be pushed into making decisions too quickly and without the appropriate briefings. This expectation should be set early so that management knows how and when to present information.
- Make sure board agendas are not cluttered with too much business or unhelpful information. Directors are entitled to expect clear briefings that raise all of the appropriate issues and information for determination.
- Make sure information picked up from being on a board committee that may be relevant to broader issues is available to the rest of the board.
- Minimise attendance of board meetings by telephone conference where possible, especially when considering important or complex matters.
- Ensure the company has clear, documented and well understood procedures for market disclosures. If disclosure is to be delegated to key officers but some disclosures are to go to the board, discuss and agree on the policy at the outset.
- Debate how the company will deal with the âgrey areasâ of disclosure so it can be as agile in its disclosure practices as it is with its business and operational decision-making. Decision-making in crisis and âon the runâ is not good management and is where most of the problems can arise.
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